Tucked between the Maritime Alps and the azure arc of the Ligurian
Sea, the region of Liguria is Italy's smallest
and most topographically dramatic. A narrow sliver of land
stretching from the French border at Ventimiglia all the way east
to La Spezia and the gateway to Tuscany, Liguria has been called
the Riviera di Fiori (Riviera of Flowers) in the west and
the Riviera di Levante (Riviera of the Rising Sun) in the
east — names that hint at a landscape as poetic as the food it
produces.
Liguria's culinary roots run as deep as its terraced hillsides.
The Ligurians were celebrated maritime traders —
Genoa, the regional capital, was once one of the
most powerful maritime republics in the medieval Mediterranean
world, a rival to Venice, a gateway to the Silk Road, and the
birthplace of Christopher Columbus. It was this seafaring
tradition that shaped Ligurian cooking: sailors needed food that
was compact, calorie-dense, intensely flavored, and shelf-stable.
Hardtack biscuits (gallette del marinaio), preserved salt cod, and
dried pasta all trace their roots to the Genoese sailor's pantry.
Yet for all its maritime heritage,
Ligurian cuisine is paradoxically green. The
steep hillsides behind the coast — where there is no room for
cattle pasture — compelled generations of Ligurian cooks to build
flavor from herbs, wild greens, vegetables, legumes, and olive oil
rather than from meat and butter. This is the philosophical heart
of the region's cooking: abundance found not in richness but in
botanical complexity. The hillsides are carpeted in
Genovese basil (D.O.P. — protected by law for its
uniquely sweet, clove-tinged fragrance), rosemary, marjoram,
thyme, borage, and sage. Walk any trail above Cinque Terre on a
July afternoon and the air itself seems to cook.
"In Liguria, the mountains meet the sea so abruptly that cooks
learned to harvest flavor from every centimeter of earth — from
the cliff-clinging olive to the herb pushing through coastal
stone."
The region's most famous culinary gift to the world is, of course,
pesto Genovese: a hand-pounded marriage of fresh
Genovese D.O.P. basil leaves, pine nuts, coarse sea salt, garlic,
aged Parmigiano-Reggiano, Pecorino Sardo, and Ligurian
extra-virgin olive oil — ideally from the prized
Taggiasca olive cultivar, which produces an oil
of incomparable delicacy and low acidity. The 1997 Italian law
establishing the official pesto Genovese recipe even specifies
that only a mortaio (marble mortar) and a
pestello (wooden pestle) may be used in traditional
preparation. There are annual pesto World Championships held in
Genova.
Beyond pesto, Liguria's pantry includes
Farinata (a thin, blistered chickpea flour crêpe
baked in a wood-fired copper pan — perhaps the region's oldest
street food, dating to the 13th century),
Focaccia Genovese (the true original — a dimpled,
olive-oil-soaked flatbread worlds apart from its American bakery
imitators), Trofie pasta (a hand-rolled, twisted
short pasta from the Recco area, the canonical companion to
pesto), Prescinsêua (a tangy, wobbly fresh curd
cheese unique to Genova, halfway between ricotta and yogurt), and
a wealth of fresh and preserved seafood — anchovies from
Monterosso al Mare, sea urchin, branzino, cuttlefish, and the
small clams known as arselle.
Ligurian viticulture is equally compelling despite — or because of
— its impossibly steep, terraced vineyards, some of which can only
be harvested by monorail. The
Cinque Terre D.O.C. white wine, produced from
Bosco, Albarola, and Vermentino grapes grown on the five-village
cliffs above the sea, has been produced for over a thousand years.
The region also yields world-class Vermentino and
Pigato (a native Ligurian white variety of
stunning aromatic complexity) in the western Riviera di Ponente,
and the red Rossese di Dolceacqua D.O.C. — a
fragrant, silky red from the hills behind Ventimiglia, reputedly
adored by Napoleon Bonaparte.
Today, Liguria's market culture remains vibrant and hyperlocal.
From the Mercato Orientale in the heart of
Genova's medieval caruggi (narrow alleyways) — in operation since
1899 — to the morning Mercato del Carmine, the
weekly La Spezia market, and the artisan
producers of the Imperia hinterland, the Ligurian food chain is
still short, direct, and fiercely proud. It is from this world —
these hills, these harbors, these market stalls — that the
following five-course menu is born.